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WH1 Topic 16 #2 Study Guide

Important names:

Ulrich Zwingli: A priest in Zürich. He encouraged the city council of Zürich to introduce religious reforms. Led Protestantism until he was killed after a battle.

John Calvin: Became the new leader of Protestantism after Zwingli was killed.

John Knox: The Calvinist reformer of Scotland

King Henry VIII(8): He wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn. When Thomas Cranmer wouldn't annul his marriage, he went to the highes church level to get his marriage annuled.

Thomas Cranmer:Archbishop of Canterbury, who wouldn't annul King Henry VII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon.

Catherine of Aragon:King Henry VII's first wife, who was divorced and ignored after she had Mary.

Anne Boleyn: King Henry VIII's second wife. She had the male heir Edward VI, and the future Queen Elizabeth I.

Mary:King Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon's daughter, she became queen in 1553. Her aggressive attempts to convert England to Roman Catholicism resulted in England committing to Protestantism even more once she died. She killed 300 Protestants for being heretics, earning the nickname "Bloody Mary".

Important Vocab:

Institutes of the Christian Religion: A summary of John Calvin's understanding of Protestantism.

Publish: To print for distribution

Predestination: The belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate)

Theocracy: Government led by divine authority

Peace of Augsburg: An agreement that Catholicism and Lutheranism would be recognized as separate religions, and the leader of a country could choose which one the country followed.

Annul: Declare invalid

Anglican Church: Another name for the Church of England.

Act of Supremacy of 1534: Declared the king to be "The only supreme head on earth of the [new] Church of England." It gave the king control over religious doctrine, clerical appointments, and discipline.

Papacy: The office or authority of the Pope.

Anti-Semitism: Hostility or discrimination against Jews

Ghettos: Formerly a district in a city in which Jews were required to live

Anabaptists: Wanted complete separation of church and state.

Community: A group of people with common interest and characteristics living together within a larger society

Protestantism in Switzerland

The Peace of Augsburg divided Christianity within the Holy Roman Empire.
People began to divide even further through Switzerland, branching off of Protestantism.
Ulrich Zwingli was a priest in Zürich. He encouraged the city council of Zürich to introduce religious reforms.
All paintings and decorations were removed from churches. Catholic mass was replaced by a new church service, consisting of:

Scripture reading
Prayer
Sermons

As Zwingli's movement spread to other citieis in Switzerland, he tried to ally with Luther and other German reformers.
They wanted to unite for defense against the Catholic Church, but couldn't agree on certain Christain rites.
In 1531, the Protestant and Catholic states waged war in Switzerland. Zürich retreated and Zwingli was found injured and killed.
John Calvin became the new leader of Protestantism

John Calvin

Calvin had fled France to the safety of Switzerland after converting from Catholocism to Protestantism.
Published Institutes of the Christian Religion, a summary of his understanding of Protestantism.

Publish: To print for distribution

The printing press helped Calvin spread his ideas. His work gave him a reputation as one of the leaders of Protestantism.
He believed that one only needed faith for justification.

Justification: The process of being justified, or deemed worthy of salvation, by God

Calvin also believed in predestination.

Predestination: The belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate)
He stressed that nobody could be certain they would attain salvation, but his followers didn't always listen.
Later, belief in predestination convinced Calvinists that they were doing God's work, making them determined to spread their faith.

Calvin created a type of theocracy (government led by divine authority) in Geneva.
John Knox, the Calvinist reformer of Scotland, called Geneva "The most perfect school of Christ on earth....".
Calvinism was established in France, the Netherlands, Scotland, and Central + Eastern Europe.

Reformation in England

King Henry VIII (8) wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon, whom he had a daughter with, Mary. He wanted to have a male heir and marry Anne Boleyn.
But the pope wouldn't annul his marriage to Catherine, so he had to go to the highest church courts in England.

Annul: Declare invalid
In may 1533, Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer ruled that the marriage was "null and absolutely void".
At the beginning of June, Anne was married and made queen. 3 months later she gave birth to the future Queen Elizabeth I.
In 1534, Parliament officially let England break off from the pope/Catholic Church.

The Act of Supremacy of 1534 declared the king to be "The only supreme head on earth of the [new] Church of England." It gave the king control over:

Religious doctrine
Clerical appointments
Discipline

Thomas More, a Christian humanist + Catholic, was beheaded for opposing the king.

Henry closed monasteries, and sold their lands + possessions to landowners and merchants. English nobility didn't want the pope to control the Church, and knew they could get money from the new system. The king got money from the new system, and for most things he followed Catholic practices.
After Henry died, he was succeeded by Edward VI, who was nine at the time.

While Edward VI ruled, the Church of England became more protestant. At 15, Edward died of tuberculosis.

Henry's daughter Mari I became queen in 1553, and her aggressive attempts to convert England to Roman Catholicism ended in England committing to Protestantism even more once she died

She killed 300 Protestants as heretics, thus was called "Bloody Mary".

Section summary: King Henry 8 wanted a divorce from his wife Catherine, who had only given him one cringefail female heir (Mary). The pope was like "nah, dude, you're on your own" and so Henry got Thomas Cranmer to do it. So he divorced Catherine, married Anne Boleyn, and birthed Queen Elizabeth I. Then Henry decided to split off from the Catholic Church, giving himself full control over the church (Act of Supremacy of 1534). He beheaded Thomas More and took monasteries' stuff, but didn't really change anything. Once old Henry kicked the bucket, Edward VI, who was 9, took over. Once he bit the dust, Mary took over. After killing 300 Protestants, she earned the nickname "Bloody Mary".

Anabaptists

Anabaptists wanted complete separation of church and state.

They would not become a government official or have weapons because of the Christian commandment "Thou shall not kill"

They believed the Christian church should be a community of adults who underwent spiritual rebirth and were baptized.

Community: A group of people with common interests and characteristics living together within a larger society
Baptized as adults ≠ Catholic/Protestant beliefs
Believed in early Christianity; all believers are equal, each church chooses a minister, all Christians were priests (women often wouldn't be ministers because of sexism though)

+ based beliefs off of New Testament of Bible

Political/religious beliefs gave them the image of dangerous radicals who needed to be persecuted.
Persecution led Anabaptists to settle in Münster, a city in modern-day Germany, in the 1530s.

John of Leiden made the city a sanctuary for Anabaptists.

In 1534=1535, Catholics + Protestants defeated the city.

Reformation and Society

The Protestant Reformation affected education in Europe

Schools were more public than Humanist schools

Martin Luther thought that all children should have an education; he encouraged public schooling in German states.
Protestantism let religious official marry, but encouraged women as the domestic one of the family.
Anti-Semitism remain common in Europe

Anti-Semitism: Hostility or discrimination against Jews

Martin Luther wanted Jews to convert to Lutheranism. When they didn't, he wanted to destroy Jewish worship places.

In the Papal States, Jews who would not convert were forced into ghettos.

Ghettos: Formerly a district in a city in which Jews were required to live

Catholic Reformation

It seemed like it was over for the Catholic Church
Lutheranism had taken hold in Germany & Scandinavia
Calvinism reigned through Switzerland, France, the Netherlands, and Eastern Europe.
Eventually, the Catholic Church started returning.

Catholic Reformation/ Counter-Reformation

Three supporting elements:

A new religious order, the Jesuits
The Papacy returned.
The Council of Trent was formed.

Jesuits:

A Spanish nobleman, Ignatius of Loyola, founded the society of Jesus, also called the Jesuits.
Pope Paul III made the Jesuits a religious order in 1540.
Jesuits had to pledge allegiance to the Pope
They established schools to use education to spread their message.
Jesuit missionaries restored Catholicism to parts of Germany and eastern Europe, and spread it further.

The Carmelite Order

Later in 1500, a Spanish nun Teresa of Ávila brought back the Carmelite order.
One of four major religious orders in the Middle Ages where the members took a vow of complete poverty
Teresa founded a small convent in Ávila where the nuns lived a special nun life (strict rules)

The reform of the Papacy

Popes grafting encouraged corruption, the Protestant Reformation changed the Catholic Church.

Pope Paul III wanted a reform. He made a Reform Commission in 1535 to determine the church’s ills. The commission blamed it on the Pope’s corrupt policies.

Council of Trent

He also called the Council of Trent. They were a group of cardinals, archbishops, abbots, theologians who met up occasionally in the city of Trent near modern-day Italy.
Their purpose was to look at the Catholic Church and see what needed changing.
Eventually, the Council officially declared traditional Catholic teachings the valid religion. (basically, they decided that nothing needed to be changed.) Faith AND good works were deemed necessary to get into heaven.

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